In our recent work with the United Nations Environment Programme, MutConsult developed guidelines to mainstream gender into the development of National Action Plans (NAPs) for Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in alignment with Annex C of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. The findings and recommendations from this research project not only shed light on the gender disparities within the ASGM sector but also provide a roadmap for a more equitable and safer future for women.
Unveiling Gender Realities in ASGM
Our research included insights into the gender dynamics of ASGM, where an estimated 15 million individuals worldwide, including 4.5 million women, contribute to this vital sector. Despite comprising 30% of the global ASGM workforce, women’s work is often undervalued and they face barriers at numerous stages of the value chain.
For instance, In Peru’s ASGM sector, men often only allow women to work as ‘Pallaqueras’ (gold pickers) that earn on average less than the national minimum wage. Ugandan women working in ASGM have been found to earn as much as 60% less than men for the same work. In Mongolia, women alluvial miners perform all the same activities as men but also carry the additional burden of all domestic work.
UNEP, 2021. Incorporating Gender Dimensions into National Strategy Setting in Chemicals Management For Minamata Convention National Action Plans for Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining and Stockholm Convention National Implementation Plans. Available here.
From discriminatory work roles to limited access to opportunities and resources, the challenges are multifaceted. Women in ASGM bear the brunt of health hazards attributed to their roles in the value chain. For women engaged primarily in manual rock crushing, they face risks such as exposure to silica-rich dust.
Health Challenges: Women in ASGM and the Mercury Hazard
ASGM stands as the largest contributor to anthropogenic mercury emissions globally, a substance highly detrimental to humans, the environment, and wildlife. Mercury, utilised in the gold amalgamation process, poses severe health threats, with women often burning the mercury-gold amalgam in domestic settings, elevating mercury levels among female ASGM participants. Inhalation of mercury results in neurological damage, respiratory issues, and harm to vital organs such as the lungs, kidneys, and liver.
The additional layer of risk for women, especially mothers, intensifies the health challenges. Women of childbearing age near ASGM activities often exhibit elevated mercury levels, stemming from the consumption of mercury-contaminated fish, exposure during gold mining and amalgam processing. Maternal transfer of mercury to the fetus is common, leading to a heightened incidence of physical and mental disabilities in children within ASGM communities. Some studies reveal mercury concentrations in pregnant and nursing women from indigenous populations, residing close to ASGM sites, reaching levels five times higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit.
Hopeful Pathways to Equality
The findings highlighted actionable interventions to mainstream gender into the implementation of the NAP, offering a beacon of hope for positive change. To encourage equal participation, stakeholder engagement must be inclusive, ensuring the voices of women and men are heard and valued. During data collection, thoughtful consideration of gender roles and representation is paramount, creating an environment where all perspectives are acknowledged.
As we navigate the strategic content of the NAP, emphasis on diverse voices is crucial. Training opportunities must be accessible to both women and men, with tailored strategies for policy, regulatory, health, and socio-economic considerations. Advocacy for childcare facilities, women-only savings clubs, and community outreach programs are pivotal steps towards fostering a gender-integrated and inclusive ASGM sector.
A Blueprint for Change
Our recommendations serve as a blueprint for developing NAPs that not only acknowledge but actively address gender disparities within ASGM. By incorporating these insights, we envision a future where the ASGM sector thrives on inclusivity, equality, and sustainable practices. MutConsult is proud to contribute to this transformative journey toward a more equitable and hopeful ASGM landscape. Together, we can break barriers and forge a path toward lasting change.